to originate

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(renn; rann, runnum; runninn), v.

1) to run (rakkar þar renna);

renna í köpp við e-n, to run a race with;

hón á þann hest, er rennr lopt ok lög, that runs through the air and over the sea;

renna e-m hvarf, to run out of one’s sight;

2) to run away, flee (rennr þú nú Úlfr hinn ragi);

renna undan e-m, to run away from one (ek get þess, at þú vilir eigi renna undan þeim);

3) to run, flow (rennr þaðan lítill lœkr);

4) to melt, dissolve (ok hafði runnit málmrinn í eldsganginum);

reiði rennr e-m, anger leaves one;

5) to arise (= renna upp);

sól rennr, the sun rises;

dagr rennr, it dawns;

6) with preps.:

renna af e-m, to leave one, pass away from one (reiði rann af honum);

renna á e-n, to come over one;

svefn, svefnhöfgi rennr á e-n, one falls asleep;

reiði rennr á e-n, one gets angry;

þá rann á byrr, then a fair wind arose;

renna eptir e-m, to run after one (þá var runnit eptir þeim, er flóttann ráku);

renna frá e-m, to run away from, leave one;

renna í e-t, to run into;

e-m rennr í skap, one is much (deeply) affected (er eigi trútt, at mér hafi eigi í skap runnit sonardauðinn);

renna saman, to heal up (þá var saman runninn leggrinn);

renna undir, to assist, give support (margar stoðir runnu undir, bæði frændr ok vinir);

renna upp, to originate (var þess ván, at illr ávöxtr mundi upp renna af illri rót);

of the sun or daylight, to rise;

sól (dagr) rennr upp (cf. 5);

7) recipr., rennast at (á), to attack one another, begin a fight.

(-da, -dr), v.

1) to make (let) run, with dat. (keyrði hann hestinn sporum ok renndi honum at);

2) to put to flight (þeir renndu þeim tíu, er undan kómust);

3) to prevent, thwart (eigi má sköpunum renna);

er rennt þeim ráðahag, that match is thwarted;

4) to slip, let loose;

renna veiðarfœri, to let the fishing-line run out;

Tjörvi renndi fyrir hann törgu, T. flung a target in his way;

impers., atgeirinum renndi gegnum skjöldinn, the halberd was run through the shield;

renna e-u niðr, to swallow;

renna grunum á e-t, to suspect;

5) renna augum, to direct the eyes, to look (renna ástaraugum til e-s);

6) to pour (var gulli rennt í skurðina);

7) with acc., renna mjólk, to run millk, by pouring out the thin milk;

renna ór tunnu, to let the liquid out from a cask;

8) with acc. to turn (renna tré, spánu);

9) absol. to move quickly, slide, glide (konungsskipin renndu at þeim);

þá renndi hringrinn af hendi mér, the ring slipped off my hand;

10) refl., rennast augum til, to look to one another;

þá renndust skipin hjá, the ships passed by one another.

f. run, course;

ok nú er skírðr allr Danaherr í þessi rennu, in one run, at one sweep.

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(older form rinna, Hom. 125), pres. renn and rennr; pret. raun, rannt (mod. ranst), rann, pl. runnum; subj. rynni; imper. renn, renndú; part. runninn; with neg. suff. renni-a, Hkv. 2. 30: [Ulf. rinnan = τρέχειν, Mark ix. 25, = ρειν, John vii. 38; as also bi-rinnan, and-rinnan; a word common to all Teut. languages; the Engl. run is prob. formed from the pret. 3rd pers. plur.]:— to run = Lat. currere, of any swift, even, sliding motion (for hlaupa is to leap, bound), used not only of living things, but also of streams, water, wind, light, sun; rakkar þar renna, Am. 24; freki mun renna, Vsp. 41, Gm. 32; vargar runnu á ísi milli Noregs ok Daumerkr, Ann. 1047; rennia sá marr, Hkv. 2. 30; renni und vísa vígblær hinnig, Gh. 34; renni rökn bitluð, Hkv. i. 50; Grani rann at þingi, Gkv. 2. 4; hest inn hraðfæra láttú hinnig renna, Gh.18; þann hest er renn lopt ok lög, Edda 21; renna í köpp við e-n, 31; renna skeið, to run a race, id.; þeir runnu heim, Fas. ii. 101; r. at skeið, to take a run, 111; fór hann til ok rann bergit upp at manninum, 277; hann rennr upp vegginn, Nj. 202; r. e-m hvarf, to run out of one’s sight, Sturl iii. 50; mjúkr ok léttr bæði at ríða ok rinna, Hom. 125; renna ok ríða, Gþl 411; r. eptir e-m, to run after one, Nj. 275; runnit hefir hundr þinn, Pétr postuli, til Róms tysvar ok myndi renni it þriðja sinn ef þú leyfðir, id.; þat þolir hvergi, nema renn til trés eðr staurs, 655 xxx. 5; runnu þeir upp til bæjar með alvæpni. Eg. 388; hann rann þá fram í mót Bergönundi, 378; r. á hendr e-m, to use force, K. Á. 116, 150; margar stoðir runnu undir ( supported him) bæði frændr ok vinir, Ld. 18; renna á skíðum, to run in snow-shoes.

2. to run, fly; þá spurði Kerþjálfaðr hví hann rynni eigi svá sem aðrir, Nj. 275; hvárt skal nú renna, 96, 247; ef maðr stígr öðrum fæti út um höslur, ferr hann á hæl, en rennr ef báðum stígr, Korm. 86; nú hefir þú runnit, ok beðit eigi Skútu, Glúm. 310; rennr þú nú Úlfr inn ragi, … lengra mundir þú r. …, Ó. H. 167; r. undan e-m, Nj. 95; reyndusk ílla menn Þóris ok runnu frá honum, Fms. vii. 11.

II. of things; snara rennr at hálsi e-m, of a loop, Mar.; þat skal maðr eigi ábyrgjask at kýr renni eigi kálfi, ef hann hefir öxn í nautum sínum, N. G. L. i. 25:—of a weapon, hyrnan rann (= renndi) í brjóstið ok gékk á hol, Nj. 245:—of the sun, daylight, and the like, to arise, er sól rennr á fjöll Páska-dag, K. Þ. K. 124; sem leið móti degi ok sólin rann, Bév. 20; rennr dagr, rökkrið þrýtr, Úlf. 9. 83; renna upp, to rise; um mörguninn er sól rann upp ok var lítt farin, Fms. viii. 146; þat var allt senn, at dagrinn rann upp, ok konungr kom til eldanna, ix. 353; þá rann söl upp, ok litu allir bændr til sölarinnar, Ó. H. 109; en er hann vaknaði þa rann dagr upp, 207; dýr og fagr austri í upp er dagr renninn, a ditty; stjörnur renna upp ok setjask, Rb. 466; rennr ljós þat upp, 625. 66: less correctly of the setting sun, as, sólin rann, ljós leið, in a mod. hymn, (the Norsemen call the sunset sol-renning):—to run up, of plants, var þess ok ván, at íllr ávöxtr mundi upp renna af íllri rót, Fms. ii. 48; þar renna eigi upp þyrnar né íllgresi, 656 A. ii. 14; eru vér ok svá gamlir ok runnir bitar (?) upp, Fms. viii. 325, v. l.: the phrase, renna upp sem fífill í brekku (see fífill): to originate, æðar renna þar upp ok nætask, … renn ok rödd upp fyrir hverju orði, Skálda 169, Stj. 198, (upp-runi, origin):—of a stream, river, water, to flow, opin renna hón skal um aldrdaga, Vþm, 16; á hugða ek hér inn renna, Am. 25; rennr þaðan lítill lækr, Fms. i. 232; rennanda vatn, a running water, Bs. ii. 18; rennandi ár, Hom. 45: blóð rennr ór sári, a running sore, wound; þar rann blóð svá mjök at eigi varð stöðvat, Fms. i. 46; vatn, sjór rennr ór klæðum, etc.:—to run, lead, trend. þjóðvegir, er renna eptir endilöngum bygðum, ok þeir er renna frá fjalli ok til fjörn, Gþl. 413:—to run, melt, dissolve, ok hefði runnit málmrinn í eldsganginum, Orkn. 368; málmr rennr saman, Blas. 47; þat renn saman, blends together, 655, xxx. 5:—of wind, to arise, byrr rann á af landi, Eg. 389; þá rann á byrr, Nj. 135; en er Björn var albúinn ok byrr rann á, Eg. 158: hvergi var á runnit á klaæeth;i hans, his clothes were untouched, Fms. xi. 38:—of sleep or mental motion, rann á hann höfgi móti deginum, Ó. H. 207; þá rann á hann svemn, 240; rennr á hann svefnhöfgi, ok dreymir hann, Gísl. 67; þá rann á hann þegar reiði ok öfund, Sks. 154 new Ed.; rann þá úmegin á hann, he swooned, Fms. viii. 332: þá rann af Gretti úmegit, he recovered his senses, Grett. 114; lét hann r. af sér reiðina, Fms. i. 15, iii. 73; rann nú af konunginum reiði við mág sinn, xi. 13: e-m rennr í skap, to be affected to tears; er eigi trautt at mér hafi í skap runnit sonar-dauðinn, Þorst. Stang. 55 (cp. Gísl. 39, allt í skap ‘komit’): to be angry, var nú svá komit at honum rann í skap ok reiddisk hann, Fms. vi. 212, and so in mod. usage.

III. recipr., rennask at (á), to attack one another, run together, fight; síðan rennask at hestarnir, … þá er á rynnisk hestarnir, Nj. 91; þeir runnusk á allsterkliga, of wrestlers, Ld. 158.

and brúð-för, f. a bride’s journey, Landn. 304, cp. Fs. 124, Rd. 255, Fms. iv. 180, Eg. 701, Grág. i. 441 A; as a rule the bridegroom was to carry his bride home, or she was carried home to him, and the wedding feast was held at the house and at the cost of the bridegroom or his parents. The bride came attended and followed by her bridesmaids, friends, and kinsmen, sometimes a host of men; hence originate the words brúðferð, brúðför, and perhaps even brúðhlaup, etc. ‘Dress the hall! now the bride is to turn homeward with me,’ says the bridegroom-dwarf in the beginning of the poem Alvísmál; so the bride Freyja travels to the wedding at the giant’s, Þkv., cp. Rm. 37;—báðu hennar, ok heim óku, giptu Karli, gékk hón und líni, Ld. ch. 7, Nj. ch. 34, Harð. S. ch. 4, Sturl. iii. 181 sqq. In some cases, to shew deference to the father of the bride, the feast might be held at his house, Nj. ch. 2 (skyldi boð vera at Marðar), ch. 10, 14, Lv. ch. 12; cp. the curious case, Sturl. i. 226. In Icel., where there were no inns, the law ordered that a bride and bridegroom, when on the bride’s journey, had the same right as members of parliament on their journey to the parliament; every farmer was bound to shelter at least six of the party, supposing that the bride or bridegroom was among the number, K. Þ. K. 94. One who turned them out was liable to the lesser outlawry, Grág. i. 441.

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(að), v.

1) to originate (ór himninum byrjast öll gœzka);

2) to beget esp. in pass., byrjast, to be begotten (á þeirri sömu nótt sem hann byrjaðist);

3) to enter upon, begin;

byrja ferð sína, to begin one’s journey;

4) byrja mál es, to plead (support) one’s cause (ek skal byrja þitt mál sem ek kann);

byrja rœðu, to deliver a speech (= flytja rœðu);

hefir þú fram byrjat (stated) erendi þitt.

(að), v. impers. with dat. to behove, beseem;

sem byrja (as it behoves) hlýðnum syni;

sem þeim byrjaði at manntali, in due proportion to their number.

(að), v. impers., em byrjar vel (illa), one gets fair (foul) wind (byrjaði þeim vel um haustit).

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að, [Swed. börja; lost in Dan., which has replaced it by begynde; Germ. beginnen; and probably also extinct in the mod. Norse dialects, vide Ivar Aasen, who seems not to have heard the word; it is in full use in Icel. and is a purely Scandin. word; the root is the part. pass. of bera A. II]:—to begin.

I. in the phrase, b. mál e-s, to plead one’s cause, O. H. L. 5; ek skal byrja ( support) þitt mál, sem ek kann, Fs. 10, Fms. ii. 65; hann byrjaði hennar mál við Ólaf konung, x. 310; með einum hundraðs-höfðingja þeim er byrjaði mál hans, Post. 645. 96; hefir þú fram byrjat þitt erindi, 655 xxx. 13, Al. 159: this sense, however, is rare and obsolete.

II. to begin; b. ferð, to begin one’s journey, to start, Edda 1, Fms. iv. 232, Eg. 106, Ld. 162; b. ræðu, to begin a speech, Sks. 238; b. e-t upp, to begin, Bs. i. 825: reflex., Rb. 210: the word is not very freq. in old writers, who prefer the word hefja, incipere, hence upphaf, beginning; in mod. writers hefja is rather archaïc, but byrja in full use, and is used both as act., impers., and reflex.; Icel. say, sagan byrjar, söguna byrjar, and sagan byrjast, all in the same sense.

III. [bera A. II], mostly in pass. to be begotten, Lat. suscipi; Elias af hjúskap byrjaðr, Greg. 16; á þeim mánuðum er barn var byrjað, Grág. i. 340; á þeirri sömu nótt sem hann byrjaðisk, Stj. 176; sem þau hittusk á fjallinu Brynhildr ok Sigurðr ok hon (viz. the daughter Áslaug) var byrjuð, Fas. i. 257; heldr ertu bráðr að byrja þann er bein hefir engin, 250 (in a verse).

IV. impers. with dat.:

1. [bera C. III], to behove, beseem, be due; sem konungs-syni byrjar, Fms. i. 81; hann gefr sálu várri slíkan mátt sem henni byrjar, Hom. 157; svá byrjaði ( behoved) Christo að líða, Luke xxiv. 46; þat byrjar mér meir at hlýða Guði en mönnum, 623. 11; sem aðiljanum byrjaði, Grág. i. 394; sem þeim byrjaði at manntali, i. e. in due proportion to their number, ii. 381; sem byrjar ( as it behoves) hlýðnum syni ok eptirlátum, Sks. 12; er helzt byrjar kaupmönnum at hafa, 52.

2. [byrr], the phrase, e-m byrjar vel, illa, one gets a fair, foul, wind; þeim byrjaði vel, Eg. 69; honum byrjaði vel, 78, Eb. 8; byrjaði þeim vel um haustið, Fms. iv. 293; þeim byrjaði illa, Eg. 158.

1) great-grandmother;

2) the name of the book Edda, written by Snorri Sturluson, c. 1220.

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u, f. a great-grandmother, Rm. 2. 4; móðir ( mother) heitir ok amma (grandmother), þriðja edda (the third is edda), Edda 108: this sense is obsolete.

II. metaph. the name of the book Edda, written by Snorri Sturluson, and containing old mythological lore and the old artificial rules for verse making. The ancients only applied this name to the work of Snorri; it is uncertain whether he himself called it so; it occurs for the first time in the inscription to one of the MSS. of Edda, viz. the Ub., written about fifty or sixty years after Snorri’s death: Bók þessi heitir Edda, hann hefir saman setta Snorri Sturlusonr eptir þeim hætti sem hér er skipat (viz. consisting of three parts, Gylfagynning, Skáldskaparmál, and Háttatal), Edda ii. 250 (Ed. Arna-Magn.); sva segir í bók þeirri er Edda heitir, at sá maðr sem Ægir hét spurði Braga …, 532 (MS. of the 14th century); hann (viz. Snorri) samansetti Eddu, he put together the Edda, Ann. 1241 (in a paper MS., but probably genuine). As the Skáldskaparmál ( Ars Poëtica) forms the chief part of the Edda, teaching the old artificial poetical circumlocutions (kenningar), poetical terms and diction, and the mythical tales on which they were founded, the Edda became a sort of handbook of poets, and therefore came gradually to mean the ancient artificial poetry as opposed to the modern plain poetry contained in hymns and sacred poems; it, however, never applies to alliteration or other principles of Icel. poetry: reglur Eddu, the rules of Edda, Gd. (by Arngrim) verse 2, Lil. 96, Nikulas d. 4; Eddu list, the art of Edda, Gd. (by Arni) 79;—all poems of the 14th century. The poets of the 15th century frequently mention the Edda in the introduction to their Rímur or Rhapsodies, a favourite kind of poetry of this and the following time, Reinalds R. I. 1, Áns R. 7. 2, Sturlaugs R., Sigurðar þögla R. 5. 4, Rimur af Ill Verra og Vest, 4, 3, Jarlmanns R. 7. 1, 5, II. 3, Dímis R. 2. 4, Konraðs R. 7. 5;—all these in vellum and the greater part of them belonging to the 15th century. Poets of the 16th century (before 1612), Rollants R. 9. 6, 12. 1, Pontus R. (by Magnus Gamli, died 1591), Valdimars R., Ester R. 2. 2, 6. 3, Sýraks R. 1. 2, 6. 2, Tobias R. I. 2; from the first half of the 17th century, Grett. R., Flores R. 6. 3, 9. 2, Króka Refs R. 1. 7, Lykla Pétrs R. 4. 2, 12. 1, Apollonius R. 1. 5, Flovents R. 6. 3, Sjö Meistara R. 1. 7, 2. 1, 3. 8;—all in MS. In these and many other references, the poets speak of the art, skill, rules, or, if they are in that mood, the obscure puerilities and empty phrases of the Edda, the artificial phraseology as taught and expounded by Snorri; and wherever the name occurs (previous to the year 1643) it only refers to Snorri’s book, and such is still the use of the word in Icel.; hence compd words such as Eddu-lauss, adj. void of Eddic art; Eddu-borinn, part. poetry full of Eddic phrases; Eddu-kenningar, f. pl. Eddic circumlocutions, Kötlu Draumr 85, e. g. when the head is called the ‘sword of Heimdal,’ the sword the ‘fire or torch of Odin,’ etc.; Eddu-kendr = Edduborinn; Eddu-bagr, adj. a bungler in the Eddic art, etc. The Icel. bishop Brynjolf Sveinsson in the year 1643 discovered the old mythological poems, and, led by a fanciful and erroneous suggestion, he gave to that book the name of Sæmundar Edda, the Edda of Sæmund; hence originate the modern terms the Old or Poetical and New or Prose Edda; in foreign writers Eddic has been ever since used in the sense of plain and artless poetry, such as is contained in these poems, opposed to the artificial, which they call Scaldic (Skald being Icel. for a poet); but this has no foundation in old writers or tradition. Further explanation of this subject may be seen in Ersch and Gruber’s Encyclopedia, s. v. Graagaas.

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(hef; hóf, hófum; hafiðr and hafinn), v.

1) to heave, raise, lift (hefja stein);

hann hóf upp augu sin, he lifted up his eyes;

hefja sik á lopt, to make a leap;

hefja handa, to lift the hands (for defense);

hefja höfuðs, to lift the head, be undaunted;

hefja graut, to lift the porridge, eat it with a spoon;

2) to exalt, raise in rank;

hefja e-n til ríkis, to raise one to the throne;

3) to begin;

hefja mál sitt, to begin one’s speech;

hefja ferð, to set out on a journey, to start;

hefja flokk, to raise a party;

hefja ákall, to raise a claim;

impers., hefr e-t = hefr upp e-t, it begins (hér hefr Kristnisögu);

refl., hefjast, to begin, originate (hvaðan af hefir hafizt skáldrskarpr?);

4) impers. to be carried, drifted (by storm or tide);

höf skipin öll saman (all the ships were drifted) inn at landinu;

þeir létu hefja skipin ofan forstreymis, they let the ships drift down the stream;

5) with preps.:

hefja e-t af e-u, to take it off;

impers., en er af henni hóf öngvit (acc.), when she recovered from her swoon;

þá hóf af mér vámur allar, all ailments left me;

refl., hefjast af höndum e-m, to leave one;

hefja á rás, to take to one’s feet (= hafa á rás);

refl., láta hefjast fyrir, to retreat, withdraw;

hefja munn sinn í sundr, to open one’s mouth;

impers., Birkibeina (acc.) hefr undan, the B. drew back;

hefja e-t upp, to lift up (hann hóf orminn upp á hendi sér);

impers., hóf honum upp brýn (acc.), his face brightened;

hefja e-t upp, to begin (= hefja 3);

Egill hóf upp kvæðit, E. began his poem;

impers., hér hefr upp Konunga-bók, here begins the K.;

refl., hefjast upp, to begin (hér hefjast upp landnám);

hefjast upp til ófriðar (með ófriði), to begin warfare;

láta hefjast við, to lay to (naut.).

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pret. hóf, pl. hófu; part. hafinn, but also hafiðr (weak); pres. indic. hef; pret. subj. hæfi, with neg. suff. hóf-at, Korm.; [Ulf. hafjan; A. S. hebban; Engl. heave, pret. hove; O. H. G. hafan; Germ. heben; Dan. hæve; Swed. häfva; cp. Lat. capere, in-cipere.]

A. To heave, lift, raise; hefja stein, to lift a stone, Eg. 142; ok munu nú ekki meira hefja fjórir menn, 140; (hón) hóf hann at lopti, hove him aloft, Ýt. 9; hefja e-n til himins, Edda 61 (in a verse); hóf hann sér af herðum hver, Hym. 36; þá er hefja af hvera (mod. taka ofan pott, to take the pot off), Gm. 42; hóf sér á höfuð upp hver Sifjar verr, Hým. 34; hón hófat augu af mér, she took not her eyes off me, Korm. 16; hann hóf upp augu sín, he lifted up his eyes, 623. 20; hefja sik á lopt, to make a leap, Nj. 144.

2. phrases, hefja handa, to lift the hands (for defence), Nj. 65, Ld. 262; h. höfuðs, to lift the head, stand upright, be undaunted; sá er nú hefir eigi höfuðs, Nj. 213: h. sinn munn í sundr, to open one’s mouth, Sturl. iii. 189: hefja graut, skyr, etc., to lift the porridge, curds, etc., eat food with a spoon, Fms. vi. 364; Rindill hóf (Ed. hafði wrongly) skyr ok mataðisk skjótt, Lv. 63.

3. hefja út, to lift out a body, carry it from the house (út-hafning), Eg. 24; er mik út hefja, Am. 100; var konungr hafiðr dauðr ór hvílunni, Hkr. iii. 146. The ceremony of carrying the corpse out of the house is in Icel. still performed with solemnity, and followed by hymns, usually verses 9 sqq. of the 25th hymn of the Passíu-Sálmar; it is regarded as a farewell to the home in which a person has lived and worked; and is a custom lost in the remotest heathen age; cp. the Scot. to lift.

β. hefja (barn) ór heiðnum dómi, to lift ( a bairn) out of heathendom, is an old eccl. term for to be sponsor (mod. halda undir skírn), Sighvat (in a verse); N. G. L. i. 350 records three kinds of sponsorship—halda barni undir primsignan, önnur at hefja barn ór heiðnum dómi, þriðja at halda á barni er biskup fermir: to baptize, skal þat barn til kirkju færa ok hefja ór heiðnum dómi, 12; barn hvert er borit verðr eptir nótt ina helgu, þá skal haft vera ( baptized) at Páskum, id.

4. to exalt, Ad. 20, cp. with Yngl. S. ch. 10; hóf hann Jóseph til sæmðar, Sks. 454; hafðr til ríkis, 458; upp hafðr, 451; önd hennar var upp höfð yfir öll engla fylki, Hom. 129; hann mektaðisk mjök ok hóf sik of hátt af þeim auðæfum, Stj. 154; at hann hæfi upp ( exaltaret) Guðs orð með tungunni, Skálda 208; konungr hóf hann til mestu metorða, 625. 31: er hans ríki hóf, 28.

II. impers.,

1. to be heaved, hurled, drifted, by storm, tide, or the like; þá hóf upp knörr (acc.) undir Eyjafjöllum, a ship was upheaved by the gale, Bs. i. 30; hóf öll skipin (acc. the ship drifted) saman inn at landinu, Hkr. i. 206; þetta hóf ( drifted) fyrir straumi, iii. 94; þeir létu hefja ofan skipin forstreymis, let the ship drift before the stream, Fms. vii. 253; Birkibeina hefr undan, the B. went back, ix. 528.

2. medic., en er af henni hóf öngvit (acc. when she awoke, of one in a swoon), Bjarn. 68; þá hóf af mér vámur allar (acc. all ailments left me), svá at ek kenni mér nú hvergi íllt, Sturl. ii. 54; ek sé at þú ert fölr mjök, ok má vera, at af þér hafi, I see thou art very pale, but may be it will pass off, Finnb. 236; hóf honum heldr upp brún (acc. his face brightened), Eg. 55.

III. reflex. to raise oneself, to rise; hefjask til ófriðar, to raise war, rebel, Eg. 264.

β. to be raised; hefjask til ríkis, to be raised to the throne, Fms. i. 99; hefjask hátt, to be exalted, Fs. 13; hann hafði hafisk af sjálfum sér, he had risen by himself, Eg. 23; féll Hákon en hófsk upp Magnúss konungr, Sturl. i. 114; Þórðr hófsk ( rose) af þessu, Landn. 305, Hom. 152.

2. phrases, hefjask við, to lay to, a naut. term; lét þá jarl hefjask við ok beið svá sinna manna, Fms. viii. 82; hefjask undan, to retire, draw back, Sd. 144: in the phrase, hefjask af höndum e-m, to leave one; hefsk nú aldregi af höndum þeim, give them no rest, Fms. xi. 59.

3. part., réttnefjaðr ok hafit upp í framanvert, Nj. 29.

B. Metaph. to raise, begin, Lat. incipere:

1. to raise; hefja flokk, to raise a party, a rebellion, Fms. viii. 273; h. rannsókn, to raise an enquiry, Grág. ii. 193; h. ákall, to raise a claim, Eg. 39; h. brigð, to make a reclamation, Gþl. 295.

2. to begin; hefja teiti, Fms. vii. 119; h. gildi, Sturl. i. 20; h. Jóla-hald, to begin ( keep) Yule, Fms. i. 31; h. boðskap, ii. 44: of a book, þar hefjum vér sögu af hinum helga Jóni biskupi, Bs. i. 151; h. mál, to begin one’s speech, Ld. 2; h. ferð, to start, Fb. ii. 38; h. orrustu.

β. with prep. upp, (hence upp-haf, beginning); hóf Helgi upp mál sitt, Boll. 350; Egill hóf upp kvæðit, E. began his poem, 427; hann heyrði messu upp hafna, Fms. v. 225; hefja upp sálm, to begin a hymn, 623. 35; Flosi hóf upp suðrgöngu sína, F. started on his pilgrimage, Nj. 281; h. upp göngu sína, to start, Rb. 116.

γ. hefja á rás, to take to one’s feet; síðan hefr hann á rás ok rann til bæjarins, Eg. 237; hinir Gautsku höfðu (thus weak vide hafa C. 2) á rás undan, Fms. iv. 120.

δ. absol., hann hóf svá, he began thus, Fms. i. 33; þar hef ek upp, vii. 146; þar skal hefja upp við arftöku-mann, start from the a., Grág. i. 62.

II. impers. to begin; hér hefr Þingfara-bólk (acc.), Gþl. 5; hér hefr upp Kristindóms-bólk, 39, 75, 378; hér hefr Landnáma-bók, Landn. 24; hér hefr upp landnám í Vestfirðinga fjórðungi, 64, 168 (v. l.), 237 (v. l.); hér hefr Kristni-Sögu, Bs. i. 3; nú hefr þat hversu Kristni kom á Ísland, id.; hér hefr sögu af Hrafni á Hrafnsevri, 639; hér hefr upp ok segir frá þeim tíðindum, er …, Fms. viii. 5; áðr en hefi sjálfa bókina, Gþl.; hér hefr sögu Gísla Súrs-sonar, Gísl. (begin.), v. l.: with upp, ok upp hefr Skáldskapar-mál ok Kenningar, Edda (Arna-Magn.) ii. 427; hér hefr upp Konunga-bók og hefr fyrst um þriðjunga-skipti heimsins, Hkr. Cod. Fris. 3; hann kom til Túnsbergs er upp hóf Adventus Domini, Fms. ix. 338.

III. reflex. to begin; þar hefsk saga Harðar, Landn. 62; hvaðan hefir hafizk sú íþrótt, whence originates that art? Edda 47; hér hefjask upp landnám, Landn. 275; hófsk ríki Haralds konungs, king H.’s reign began, Ld. 2; áðr Rómverja-ríki hófsk, Rb. 402; hófusk (höfðusk, Ed. wrongly) þá enn orrostur af nýju, Fms. xi. 184; hvernig hafizk hefir þessi úhæfa, Al. 125; nú hefsk önnur tungl-öldin, Rb. 34; þá hefsk vetr, 70–78, 436.

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(renn; rann, runnum; runninn), v.

1) to run (rakkar þar renna);

renna í köpp við e-n, to run a race with;

hón á þann hest, er rennr lopt ok lög, that runs through the air and over the sea;

renna e-m hvarf, to run out of one’s sight;

2) to run away, flee (rennr þú nú Úlfr hinn ragi);

renna undan e-m, to run away from one (ek get þess, at þú vilir eigi renna undan þeim);

3) to run, flow (rennr þaðan lítill lœkr);

4) to melt, dissolve (ok hafði runnit málmrinn í eldsganginum);

reiði rennr e-m, anger leaves one;

5) to arise (= renna upp);

sól rennr, the sun rises;

dagr rennr, it dawns;

6) with preps.:

renna af e-m, to leave one, pass away from one (reiði rann af honum);

renna á e-n, to come over one;

svefn, svefnhöfgi rennr á e-n, one falls asleep;

reiði rennr á e-n, one gets angry;

þá rann á byrr, then a fair wind arose;

renna eptir e-m, to run after one (þá var runnit eptir þeim, er flóttann ráku);

renna frá e-m, to run away from, leave one;

renna í e-t, to run into;

e-m rennr í skap, one is much (deeply) affected (er eigi trútt, at mér hafi eigi í skap runnit sonardauðinn);

renna saman, to heal up (þá var saman runninn leggrinn);

renna undir, to assist, give support (margar stoðir runnu undir, bæði frændr ok vinir);

renna upp, to originate (var þess ván, at illr ávöxtr mundi upp renna af illri rót);

of the sun or daylight, to rise;

sól (dagr) rennr upp (cf. 5);

7) recipr., rennast at (á), to attack one another, begin a fight.

(-da, -dr), v.

1) to make (let) run, with dat. (keyrði hann hestinn sporum ok renndi honum at);

2) to put to flight (þeir renndu þeim tíu, er undan kómust);

3) to prevent, thwart (eigi má sköpunum renna);

er rennt þeim ráðahag, that match is thwarted;

4) to slip, let loose;

renna veiðarfœri, to let the fishing-line run out;

Tjörvi renndi fyrir hann törgu, T. flung a target in his way;

impers., atgeirinum renndi gegnum skjöldinn, the halberd was run through the shield;

renna e-u niðr, to swallow;

renna grunum á e-t, to suspect;

5) renna augum, to direct the eyes, to look (renna ástaraugum til e-s);

6) to pour (var gulli rennt í skurðina);

7) with acc., renna mjólk, to run millk, by pouring out the thin milk;

renna ór tunnu, to let the liquid out from a cask;

8) with acc. to turn (renna tré, spánu);

9) absol. to move quickly, slide, glide (konungsskipin renndu at þeim);

þá renndi hringrinn af hendi mér, the ring slipped off my hand;

10) refl., rennast augum til, to look to one another;

þá renndust skipin hjá, the ships passed by one another.

f. run, course;

ok nú er skírðr allr Danaherr í þessi rennu, in one run, at one sweep.

* * *

d, a causal to the preceding word, [Ulf. rannjan, Matth. v. 25]:—to make run, let run; keyrði hann hestinn ok renndi honum at, put him into a gallop, Fms. ix. 56; renna hundum at dýrum, to run the hounds after game, let slip, Gþl. 448; konungr renndi eptir honum hestinum, Fms. viii. 353; renna sér, to slide:—to put to flight, þeir renndu þeim tíu er undan kómusk, Nj. 254; hverjum hesti renndi hann sem við hann átti, Vígl. 20:—to prevent, thwart, eigi má sköpunum renna, Ísl. ii. 106; þat hygg ek at rennt hafa ek nú þeim sköpunum, at hann verði mér at bana, Fas. ii. 169, 558; r. e-u ráði, to thwart it, Bret., Grág. i. 307; ok er nú rennt þeim ráða-hag, Valla L. 204; ek skal því renna, Jv. 49:—r. færi, neti, togum, öngli, to let the line, net … run out, Gþl. 426: Tjörvi renndi fyrir hann tjörgu, T. flung a targe in his way, Nj. 144: impers. of a weapon, atgeirinum renndi gögnum skjöldinn, the halberd was run through the shield, 116:—of the eyes, mind, renna augum, to turn, move the eyes, look, Ísl. ii. 251; r. ástar-augum til e-s, 199; r. girndar-augum, 623. 23; renna hug sínum, to wander in mind, consider, O. H. L. 84, Rb. 380, Hom. 39 (hug-renning); renna grunum, to suspect, Gísl. 25, Fms. x. 335:—of a melted substance, to pour, var gulli rennt í skurðina, Vígl. 15, Fb. i. 144, Fas. iii. 273; renndr skjöldr, Nj. 96, v. l.:—renna mjólk, to run milk, by pouring out the thin milk (undan-renning), Fas. iii. 373; renna úr trogunum, renna ór tunnu, Ó. H. 148; renna niðr, to let run down, swallow, Fms. v. 40; renna berjum í lófa, to run the berries out into the hollow hand, Fb. ii. 374:—a turner’s term, to turn, with acc., flest tré vóru þar koppara-járnum rennd, Fms. v. 339; hann hélt á tannara ok renndi þar af spánu, Ó. H. 197; tréstikur renndar, Vm. 110.

II. absol. (qs. renna sér), to slide, glide, of swift movement; flotinn renndi at þeim, Fms. viii. 222, 288: skip Kormaks renndi við, the ship veered round, Korm. 230; síðan renna fram skipin, Nj. 8; skipin renndu fyrir straum, Fms. vii. 260; þá renndi járnit neðan, sem fiskr at öngli, Greg. 62; þá renndi hringrinn ( slipped) af hendi mér ok á vatnid, Ld. 126; þá renndu sverð ór slíðrum, Nj. 272; hann (the salmon) rennir upp í forsinn. Edda 40; þá renndi hann (the hawk) fram ok drap þrjá orra, Ó. H. 78; lagit renndi upp í kviðinn, 219; hann renndi þegar frá óðfluga, Nj. 144; hann rennir at fram fótskriðu (acc.), id.

III. reflex., recipr., rennask augum, to look to one another, Ísl. ii. 251, v. l.; þá renndusk skipin hjá, passed by one another, Eg. 361; skipin renndusk á, Fms. ix. 50, v. l.

u, f. a run, course; ok nú er skírðr allr Dana-herr í þessi rennu, in one run, in one sweep, Fms. xi. 39; í þeirri rennu, O. H. L. 7, 55.